Old Testament · Wisdom

Proverbs 31

The Woman of Valor

Not a checklist but a celebration. Strength, generosity, wisdom, dignity — a life fully and fearlessly lived.

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1The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught him.

2What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?

3Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings.

4It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:

5Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.

6Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts.

7Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.

8Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction.

9Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.

10Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.

11The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he shall have no need of spoil.

12She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.

13She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her hands.

14She is like the merchants’ ships; she bringeth her food from afar.

15She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household, and a portion to her maidens.

16She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.

17She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms.

18She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth not out by night.

19She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the distaff.

20She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.

21She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her household are clothed with scarlet.

22She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk and purple.

23Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land.

24She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant.

25Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in time to come.

26She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness.

27She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness.

28Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her.

29Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all.

30Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.

31Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates.

Understand This

Proverbs 31, explained

What Proverbs 31 is saying

The chapter divides into two sections: King Lemuel's mother warns him against women and wine while championing justice for the poor (vv. 1–9), followed by the famous acrostic poem celebrating the eshet chayil—the 'woman of valor' whose worth exceeds rubies. She is entrepreneur, manager, philanthropist, and sage.

The background behind it

Lemuel, like Agur, is otherwise unknown and possibly non-Israelite. The eshet chayil poem is an alphabetic acrostic (each verse begins with a successive Hebrew letter), a literary form associated with completeness. The poem likely functioned as both practical ideal and wisdom personification.

Themes running underneath

The woman of valor embodies wisdom in action—she is the practical fulfillment of everything Proverbs has taught. Her 'fear of the LORD' (v. 30) is identified as the source of her praiseworthy character, forming an inclusio with Proverbs 1:7. Charm and beauty are called deceptive and fleeting.

Why it still matters

The eshet chayil challenges both the reduction of women to ornamental roles and the modern anxiety about proving one's worth. Her identity is grounded in wisdom and the fear of the LORD, not in external validation.

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Scripture text: King James Version — public domain.