Old Testament · Law

Genesis 17

The Covenant of Circumcision

God changes Abram's name to Abraham — father of many. A permanent sign marks his body and his descendants forever.

King James Version BSB KJV

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1And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect.

2And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.

3And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying,

4As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations.

5Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.

6And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee.

7And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.

8And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God.

9And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations.

10This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.

11And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you.

12And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.

13He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.

14And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant.

15And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be.

16And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people shall be of her.

17Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear?

18And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee!

19And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.

20And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.

21But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.

22And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham.

23And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham’s house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had said unto him.

24And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.

25And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.

26In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son.

27And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him.

Understand This

Genesis 17, explained

What Genesis 17 is saying

When Abram is ninety-nine, God appears and establishes the covenant of circumcision, renaming him Abraham (father of multitudes) and Sarai as Sarah. God promises that Sarah herself will bear a son, Isaac, through whom the covenant will continue. Abraham laughs in astonishment and pleads for Ishmael, whom God also promises to bless, though the covenant line will pass through Isaac.

The background behind it

Circumcision as a covenant sign was not unique to Israel; it was practiced in Egypt and elsewhere. However, its theological reframing as a mark of covenant identity was distinctive. The name changes signify new identity and destiny, a common ancient Near Eastern practice when one entered a new relationship with a deity or king.

Themes running underneath

The covenant of circumcision marks every male body with a permanent sign of belonging to God, making faith physical and communal. Abraham's laughter reveals that faith and astonishment can coexist. God's blessing of Ishmael alongside the Isaac promise shows that divine favor is broader than the covenant line.

Why it still matters

God's promises often arrive at the exact moment they seem most impossible. The renaming of Abraham and Sarah reminds us that God sees who we are becoming, not just who we are.

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Scripture text: King James Version — public domain.