Old Testament · History

Joshua 20

Cities of Refuge

Six cities designated as sanctuaries. Anyone who kills accidentally can flee there and find protection until trial. Justice tempered by mercy.

King James Version BSB KJV

1The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying,

2Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses:

3That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood.

4And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them.

5And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour unwittingly, and hated him not beforetime.

6And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that shall be in those days: then shall the slayer return, and come unto his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he fled.

7And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjath-arba, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah.

8And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.

9These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.

Understand This

Joshua 20, explained

What Joshua 20 is saying

God commands Joshua to designate six cities of refuge—three west and three east of the Jordan—as Moses had instructed. Anyone who kills another person unintentionally may flee to these cities and receive protection from the avenger of blood until standing trial before the congregation. The accused remains until the death of the high priest, after which they may return home.

The background behind it

The cities of refuge implement legislation from Numbers 35 and Deuteronomy 19, addressing the ancient Near Eastern blood-feud system where a victim's nearest male relative (go'el haddam) was obligated to execute the killer. The institution represents a remarkable advancement in jurisprudence—distinguishing between intentional and unintentional homicide.

Themes running underneath

The cities of refuge embody the tension between justice and mercy within Israelite law. The high priest's death functioning as a release mechanism has generated significant christological interpretation—the high priest's death atones for the manslayer's debt. Geographically, the six cities are evenly distributed to ensure accessibility from anywhere in the land.

Why it still matters

God's legal system built in protection for the vulnerable and distinguished between malice and accident. These cities challenge simplistic approaches to justice that ignore motive and circumstance.

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Scripture text: King James Version — public domain.