Old Testament · Law

Deuteronomy 19

Cities of Refuge

Three cities for the innocent who kill accidentally. Justice must be precise — protecting the guilty from vengeance and the innocent from false witness.

King James Version BSB KJV

1When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;

2Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.

3Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.

4And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;

5As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:

6Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.

7Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.

8And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;

9If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:

10That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.

11But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:

12Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.

13Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.

14Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour’s landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.

15One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.

16If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;

17Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;

18And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;

19Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.

20And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.

21And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Understand This

Deuteronomy 19, explained

What Deuteronomy 19 is saying

Moses expands the cities of refuge system, designating three cities in the promised land (with provision for three more if territory expands). The chapter also addresses the prohibition against moving boundary stones and the requirement for multiple witnesses in legal proceedings. False witnesses must receive the punishment they intended for the accused.

The background behind it

The boundary stone (v. 14) was both a property marker and a legal document in the ancient Near East. Moving one was equivalent to theft and fraud simultaneously. The witness requirement (two or three) became foundational for both Jewish and Christian jurisprudence (cf. Matthew 18:16; 2 Corinthians 13:1).

Themes running underneath

Justice requires both mercy (cities of refuge for the innocent) and rigor (punishment for false witnesses). The principle of lex talionis ('eye for eye') in this context applies specifically to perjury—it is a legal limitation on punishment, not a license for revenge, ensuring that consequences match the crime.

Why it still matters

A just society protects both the accused (through refuge and proper evidence) and the integrity of the process (through accountability for false testimony). These principles remain foundational for any system that claims to pursue justice.

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Scripture text: King James Version — public domain.