Old Testament · Law

Deuteronomy 25

Fair Measures

Honest weights, limited punishment, and a brother's duty. Small laws that reveal enormous values.

Berean Standard Bible BSB KJV

1If there is a dispute between men, they are to go to court to be judged, so that the innocent may be acquitted and the guilty condemned.

2If the guilty man deserves to be beaten, the judge shall have him lie down and be flogged in his presence with the number of lashes his crime warrants.

3He may receive no more than forty lashes, lest your brother be beaten any more than that and be degraded in your sight.

4Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.

5When brothers dwell together and one of them dies without a son, the widow must not marry outside the family. Her husband’s brother is to take her as his wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law for her.

6The first son she bears will carry on the name of the dead brother, so that his name will not be blotted out from Israel.

7But if the man does not want to marry his brother’s widow, she is to go to the elders at the city gate and say, “My husband’s brother refuses to preserve his brother’s name in Israel. He is not willing to perform the duty of a brother-in-law for me.”

8Then the elders of his city shall summon him and speak with him. If he persists and says, “I do not want to marry her,”

9his brother’s widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, remove his sandal, spit in his face, and declare, “This is what is done to the man who will not maintain his brother’s line.”

10And his family name in Israel will be called “The House of the Unsandaled.”

11If two men are fighting, and the wife of one comes to rescue her husband from the one striking him, and she reaches out her hand and grabs his genitals,

12you are to cut off her hand. You must show her no pity.

13You shall not have two differing weights in your bag, one heavy and one light.

14You shall not have two differing measures in your house, one large and one small.

15You must maintain accurate and honest weights and measures, so that you may live long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.

16For everyone who behaves dishonestly in regard to these things is detestable to the LORD your God.

17Remember what the Amalekites did to you along your way from Egypt,

18how they met you on your journey when you were tired and weary, and they attacked all your stragglers; they had no fear of God.

19When the LORD your God gives you rest from the enemies around you in the land that He is giving you to possess as an inheritance, you are to blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven. Do not forget!

Understand This

Deuteronomy 25, explained

What Deuteronomy 25 is saying

Laws limit judicial flogging to forty stripes, require the ox to eat while threshing, establish levirate marriage (a brother's duty to marry his deceased brother's childless widow), condemn dishonest weights and measures, and conclude with the command to blot out the memory of Amalek for their unprovoked attack on Israel's weak and weary stragglers.

The background behind it

Paul cites the ox-threshing law (v. 4) in 1 Corinthians 9:9 and 1 Timothy 5:18 to argue for ministerial support, reading it as a principle rather than merely an animal welfare provision. The levirate marriage (Latin levir, 'brother-in-law') custom provides the legal backdrop for the books of Ruth and the Sadducees' question to Jesus about resurrection.

Themes running underneath

These laws share a concern for dignity—even the guilty criminal retains dignity (limited stripes), the working animal deserves sustenance, the deceased man's name is preserved through levirate marriage. The Amalek command stands as the severest judgment in the Torah, targeting a nation that attacked the most defenseless.

Why it still matters

Dignity extends even to those being punished, and workers—whether human or animal—deserve just treatment. Paul's creative reading of the ox law demonstrates that biblical principles often apply far beyond their original context.

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Scripture text: Berean Standard Bible — used by permission, Bible Hub.